CHAPTER
1
HOW JOSHUA, THE COMMANDER OF THE HEBREWS, MADE WAR WITH THE CANAANITES, AND
OVERCAME THEM, AND DESTROYED THEM, AND DIVIDED THEIR LAND BY LOT TO THE TRIBES
OF ISRAEL
1. When Moses was taken away from among men, in the manner already described,
and when all the solemnities belonging to the mourning for him were finished,
and the sorrow for him was over, Joshua commanded the multitude to get themselves
ready for an expedition. He also sent spies to Jericho to discover what forces
they had, and what were their intentions; but he put his camp in order, as intending
soon to pass over Jordan at a proper season. And calling to him the rulers of
the tribe of Reuben, and the governors of the tribe of Gad, and [the half tribe
of] Manasseh, for half of this tribe had been permitted to have their habitation
in the country of the Amorites, which was the seventh part of the land of Canaan,1
he put them in mind what they had promised Moses; and he exhorted them that,
for the sake of the care that Moses had taken of them who had never been weary
of taking pains for them no, not when he was dying, and for the sake of the
public welfare, they would prepare themselves, and readily perform what they
had promised; so he took fifty thousand of them who followed him, and he marched
from Abila to Jordan, sixty furlongs.
2. Now when he had pitched his camp, the
spies came to him immediately, well acquainted with the whole state of the Canaanites;
for at first, before they were at all discovered, they took a full view of the
city of Jericho without disturbance, and saw which parts of the walls were strong,
and which parts were otherwise, and indeed insecure, and which of the gates
were so weak as might afford an entrance to their army. Now those that met them
took no notice of them when they saw them, and supposed they were only strangers,
who used to be very curious in observing everything in the city, and did not
take them for enemies; but at even they retired to a certain inn that was near
to the wall, whither they went to eat their supper; which supper when they had
done, and were considering how to get away, information was given to the king
as he was at supper, that there were some persons come from the Hebrews' camp
to view the city as spies, and that they were in the inn kept by Rahab, and
were very solicitous that they might not be discovered. So he sent immediately
some to them, and commanded to catch them, and bring them to him, that he might
examine them by torture, and learn what their business was there. As soon as
Rahab understood that these messengers were coming, she hid the spies under
stalks of flax, which were laid to dry on the top of her house; and said to
the messengers that were sent by the king, that certain unknown strangers had
supped with her a little before sun-setting, and were gone away, who might easily
be taken, if they were any terror to the city, or likely to bring any danger
to the king. So these messengers being thus deluded by the woman,2
and suspecting no imposition, went their ways, without so much as searching
the inn; but they immediately pursued them along those roads which they most
probably supposed them to have gone, and those particularly which led to the
river, but could hear no tidings of them; so they left off the pains of any
further pursuit. But when the tumult was over, Rahab brought the men down, and
desired them as soon as they should have obtained possession of the land of
Canaan, when it would be in their power to make her amends for her preservation
of them, to remember what danger she had undergone for their sakes; for that
if she had been caught concealing them, she could not have escaped a terrible
destruction, she and all her family with her, and so bid them go home; and desired
them to swear to her to preserve her and her family when they should take the
city, and destroy all its inhabitants, as they had decreed to do; for so far
she said she had been assured by those Divine miracles of which she had been
informed. So these spies acknowledged that they owed her thanks for what she
had done already, and withal swore to requite her kindness, not only in words,
but in deeds. But they gave her this advice, That when she should perceive that
the city was about to be taken, she should put her goods, and all her family,
by way of security, in her inn, and to hang out scarlet threads before her doors,
[or windows,] that the commander of the Hebrews might know her house, and take
care to do her no harm; for, said they, we will inform him of this matter, because
of the concern thou hast had to preserve us: but if any one of thy family fall
in the battle, do not thou blame us; and we beseech that God, by whom we have
sworn, not then to be displeased with us, as though we had broken our oaths.
So these men, when they had made this agreement, went away, letting themselves
down by a rope from the wall, and escaped, and came and told their own people
whatsoever they had done in their journey to this city. Joshua also told Eleazar
the high priest, and the senate, what the spies had sworn to Rahab, who continued
what had been sworn.
3. Now while Joshua, the commander, was
in fear about their passing over Jordan, for the river ran with a strong current,
and could not be passed over with bridges, for there never had been bridges
laid over it hitherto; and while he suspected, that if he should attempt to
make a bridge, that their enemies would not afford him time to perfect it, and
for ferry-boats they had none,—God promised so to dispose of the river, that
they might pass over it, and that by taking away the main part of its waters.
So Joshua, after two days, caused the army and the whole multitude to pass over
in the manner following:—The priests went first of all, having the ark with
them; then went the Levites bearing the tabernacle and the vessels which belonged
to the sacrifices; after which the entire multitude followed, according to their
tribes, having their children and their wives in the midst of them, as being
afraid for them, lest they should be borne away by the stream. But as soon as
the priests had entered the river first, it appeared fordable, the depth of
the water being restrained and the sand appearing at the bottom, because the
current was neither so strong nor so swift as to carry it away by its force;
so they all passed over the river without fear, finding it to be in the very
same state as God had foretold he would put it in; but the priests stood still
in the midst of the river till the multitude should be passed over, and should
get to the shore in safety; and when all were gone over, the priests came out
also, and permitted the current to run freely as it used to do before. Accordingly
the river, as soon as the Hebrews were come out of it, arose again presently,
and came to its own proper magnitude as before.
4. So the Hebrews went on farther fifty
furlongs, and pitched their camp at the distance of ten furlongs from Jericho;
but Joshua built an altar of those stones which all the heads of the tribes,
at the command of the prophets, had taken out of the deep, to be afterwards
a memorial of the division of the stream of this river, and upon it offered
sacrifice to God; and in that place celebrated the passover, and had great plenty
of all the things which they wanted hitherto; for they reaped the corn of the
Canaanites, which was now ripe, and took other things as prey; for then it was
that their former food, which was manna, and of which they had eaten forty years,
failed them.
5. Now while the Israelites did this, and
the Canaanites did not attack them, but kept themselves quiet within their own
walls, Joshua resolved to besiege them; so on the first day of the feast [of
the passover], the priests carried the ark round about, with some part of the
armed men to be a guard to it. These priests went forward, blowing with their
seven trumpets; and exhorted the army to be of good courage, and went round
about the city, with the senate following them; and when the priests had only
blown with the trumpets, for they did nothing more at all, they returned to
the camp. And when they had done this for six days, on the seventh Joshua gathered
the armed men and all the people together, and told them these good tidings,
that the city should now be taken, since God would on that day give it them,
by the falling down of the walls, and this of their own accord, and without
their labor. However, he charged them to kill every one they should take, and
not to abstain from the slaughter of their enemies, either for weariness or
for pity, and not to fall on the spoil, and be thereby diverted from pursuing
their enemies as they ran away; but to destroy all the animals, and to take
nothing for their own peculiar advantage. He commanded them also to bring together
all the silver and gold, that it might be set apart as first-fruits unto God
out of this glorious exploit, as having gotten them from the city they first
took; only that they should save Rahab and her kindred alive, because of the
oath which the spies had sworn to her.
6. When he had said this, and had set his
army in order, he brought it against the city: so they went round the city again,
the ark going before them, and the priests encouraging the people to be zealous
in the work; and when they had gone round it seven times, and had stood still
a little, the wall fell down, while no instruments of war, nor any other force,
was applied to it by the Hebrews.
7. So they entered into Jericho, and slew
all the men that were therein, while they were affrighted at the surprising
overthrow of the walls, and their courage was become useless, and they were
not able to defend themselves; so they were slain, and their throats cut, some
in the ways, and others as caught in their houses;—nothing afforded them assistance,
but they all perished, even to the women and the children; and the city was
filled with dead bodies, and not one person escaped. They also burnt the whole
city, and the country about it; but they saved alive Rahab, with her family,
who had fled to her inn. And when she was brought to him, Joshua owned to her
that they owed her thanks for her preservation of the spies: so he said he would
not appear to be behind her in his benefaction to her; whereupon he gave her
certain lands immediately, and had her in great esteem ever afterwards.
8. And if any part of the city escaped the
fire, he overthrew it from the foundation; and he denounced a curse3
against its inhabitants, if any should desire to rebuild it; how, upon his laying
the foundation of the walls, he should be deprived of his eldest son; and upon
finishing it, he should lose his youngest son. But what happened hereupon we
shall speak of hereafter.
9. Now there was an immense quantity of
silver and gold, and besides those of brass also, that was heaped together out
of the city when it was taken, no one transgressing the decree, nor purloining
for their own peculiar advantage; which spoils Joshua delivered to the priests,
to be laid up among their treasures. And thus did Jericho perish.
10. But there was one Achar,4
the son [of Charmi, the son] of Zebedias, of the tribe of Judah, who finding
a royal garment woven entirely of gold, and a piece of gold that weighed two
hundred shekels;5 and thinking it a very hard case,
that what spoils he, by running some hazard, had found, he must give away, and
offer it to God, who stood in no need of it, while he that wanted it must go
without it,—made a deep ditch in his own tent, and laid them up therein, as
supposing he should not only be concealed from his fellow soldiers, but from
God himself also.
11. Now the place where Joshua pitched his
camp was called Gilgal, which denotes liberty;6 for
since now they had passed over Jordan, they looked on themselves as freed from
the miseries which they had undergone from the Egyptians, and in the wilderness.
12. Now, a few days after the calamity that
befell Jericho, Joshua sent three thousand armed men to take Ai, a city situate
above Jericho; but, upon the sight of the people of Ai, with them they were
driven back, and lost thirty-six of their men. When this was told the Israelites,
it made them very sad, and exceeding disconsolate, not so much because of the
relation the men that were destroyed bare to them, though those that were destroyed
were all good men, and deserved their esteem, as by the despair it occasioned;
for while they believed that they were already, in effect, in possession of
the land, and should bring back the army out of the battles without loss, as
God had promised beforehand, they now saw unexpectedly their enemies bold with
success; so they put sackcloth over their garments, and continued in tears and
lamentation all the day, without the least inquiry after food, but laid what
had happened greatly to heart.
13. When Joshua saw the army so much afflicted,
and possessed with forebodings of evil as to their whole expedition, he used
freedom with God, and said, "We are not come thus far out of any rashness of
our own, as though we thought ourselves able to subdue this land with our own
weapons, but at the instigation of Moses thy servant for this purpose, because
thou hast promised us, by many signs, that thou wouldst give us this land for
a possession, and that thou wouldst make our army always superior in war to
our enemies, and accordingly some success has already attended upon us agreeably
to thy promises; but because we have now unexpectedly been foiled, and have
lost some men out of our army, we are grieved at it, as fearing what thou hast
promised us, and what Moses foretold us, cannot be depended on by us; and our
future expectation troubles us the more, because we have met with such a disaster
in this our first attempt. But do thou, O Lord, free us from these suspicions,
for thou art able to find a cure for these disorders, by giving us victory,
which will both take away the grief we are in at present, and prevent our distrust
as to what is to come."
14. These intercessions Joshua put up to
God, as he lay prostrate on his face: whereupon God answered him, That he should
rise up, and purify his host from the pollution that had got into it; that "things
consecrated to me have been impudently stolen from me," and that "this has been
the occasion why this defeat had happened to them"; and that when they should
search out and punish the offender, he would ever take care they should have
the victory over their enemies. This Joshua told the people; and calling for
Eleazar the high priest, and the men in authority, he cast lots, tribe by tribe;
and when the lot showed that this wicked action was done by one of the tribe
of Judah, he then again proposed the lot to the several families thereto belonging;
so the truth of this wicked action was found to belong to the family of Zachar;
and when the inquiry was made man by man, they took Achar, who, upon God's reducing
him to a terrible extremity, could not deny the fact: so he confessed the theft,
and produced what he had taken in the midst of them, whereupon he was immediately
put to death; and attained no more than to be buried in the night in a disgraceful
manner, and such as was suitable to a condemned malefactor.
15. When Joshua had thus purified the host,
he led them against Ai: and having by night laid an ambush round about the city,
he attacked the enemies as soon as it was day; but as they advanced boldly against
the Israelites, because of their former victory, he made them believe he retired,
and by that means drew them a great way from the city, they still supposing
that they were pursuing their enemies, and despised them, as though the case
had been the same with that in the former battle; after which Joshua ordered
his forces to turn about, and placed them against their front. He then made
the signals agreed upon to those that lay in ambush, and so excited them to
fight; so they ran suddenly into the city, the inhabitants being upon the walls,
nay, others of them being in perplexity, and coming to see those that were without
the gates. Accordingly, these men took the city, and slew all that they met
with; but Joshua forced those that came against him to come to a close fight,
and discomfited them, and made them run away; and when they were driven towards
the city, and thought it had not been touched, as soon as they saw it was taken,
and perceived it was burnt, with their wives and children, they wandered about
in the fields in a scattered condition, and were no way able to defend themselves,
because they had none to support them. Now when this calamity was come upon
the men of Ai, there were a great number of children, and women, and servants,
and an immense quantity of other furniture. The Hebrews also took herds of cattle,
and a great deal of money, for this was a rich country. So when Joshua came
to Gilgal, he divided all these spoils among the soldiers.
16. But the Gibeonites, who inhabited very
near to Jerusalem, when they saw what miseries had happened to the inhabitants
of Jericho; and to those of Ai, and suspected that the like sore calamity would
come as far as themselves, they did not think fit to ask for mercy of Joshua;
for they supposed they should find little mercy from him, who made war that
he might entirely destroy the nation of the Canaanites; but they invited the
people of Cephirah and Kiriathjearim, who were their neighbors, to join in league
with them; and told them that neither could they themselves avoid the danger
they were all in, if the Israelites should prevent them, and seize upon them:
so when they had persuaded them, they resolved to endeavor to escape the forces
of the Israelites. Accordingly, upon their agreement to what they proposed,
they sent ambassadors to Joshua to make a league of friendship with him, and
those such of the citizens as were best approved of, and most capable of doing
what was most advantageous to the multitude. Now these ambassadors thought it
dangerous to confess themselves to be Canaanites, but thought they might by
this contrivance avoid the danger, namely, by saying that they bare no relation
to the Canaanites at all, but dwelt at a very great distance from them: and
they said further, that they came a long way, on account of the reputation he
had gained for his virtue; and as a mark of the truth of what they said, they
showed him the habit they were in, for that their clothes were new when they
came out, but were greatly worn by the length of time they had been on their
journey; for indeed they took torn garments, on purpose that they might make
him believe so. So they stood in the midst of the people, and said that they
were sent by the people of Gibeon, and of the circumjacent cities, which were
very remote from the land where they now were, to make such a league of friendship
with them, and this on such conditions as were customary among their forefathers;
for when they understood that, by the favor of God, and his gift to them, they
were to have the possession of the land of Canaan bestowed upon them, they said
that they were very glad to hear it, and desired to be admitted into the number
of their citizens. Thus did these ambassadors speak; and showing them the marks
of their long journey, they entreated the Hebrews to make a league of friendship
with them. Accordingly Joshua, believing what they said, that they were not
of the nation of the Canaanites, entered into friendship with them; and Eleazar
the high priest, with the senate, sware to them that they would esteem them
their friends and associates, and would attempt nothing that should be unfair
against them, the multitude also assenting to the oaths that were made to them.
So these men, having obtained what they desired, by deceiving the Israelites,
went home: but when Joshua led his army to the country at the bottom of the
mountains of this part of Canaan, he understood that the Gibeonites dwelt not
far from Jerusalem, and that they were of the stock of the Canaanites; so he
sent for their governors, and reproached them with the cheat they had put upon
him; but they alleged, on their own behalf, that they had no other way to save
themselves but that, and were therefore forced to have recourse to it. So he
called for Eleazar the high priest, and for the senate, who thought it right
to make them public servants, that they might not break the oath they had made
to them; and they ordained them to be so. And this was the method by which these
men found safety and security under the calamity that was ready to overtake
them.
17. But the king of Jerusalem took it to
heart that the Gibeonites had gone over to Joshua; so he called upon the kings
of the neighboring nations to join together, and make war against them. Now
when the Gibeonites saw these kings, which were four, besides the king of Jerusalem,
and perceived that they had pitched their camp at a certain fountain not far
from their city, and were getting ready for the siege of it, they called upon
Joshua to assist them; for such was their case, as to expect to be destroyed
by these Canaanites, but to suppose they should be saved by those that came
for the destruction of the Canaanites, because of the league of friendship that
was between them. Accordingly, Joshua made haste with his whole army to assist
them, and marching day and night, in the morning he fell upon the enemies as
they were going up to the siege; and when he had discomfited them, he followed
them, and pursued them down the descent of the hills. The place is called Bethhoron;
where he also understood that God assisted him, which he declared by thunder
and thunderbolts, as also by the falling of hail larger than usual. Moreover,
it happened that the day was lengthened7 that the
night might not come on too soon, and be an obstruction to the zeal of the Hebrews
in pursuing their enemies; insomuch that Joshua took the kings, who were hidden
in a certain cave at Makkedah, and put them to death. Now, that the day was
lengthened at this time, and was longer than ordinary, is expressed in the books
laid up in the temple.8
18. These kings which made war with, and
were ready to fight the Gibeonites, being thus overthrown, Joshua returned again
to the mountainous parts of Canaan; and when he had made a great slaughter of
the people there, and took their prey, he came to the camp at Gilgal. And now
there went a great fame abroad among the neighboring people of the courage of
the Hebrews; and those that heard what a number of men were destroyed, were
greatly affrighted at it: so the kings that lived about Mount Libanus, who were
Canaanites, and those Canaanites that dwelt in the plain country, with auxiliaries
out of the land of the Philistines, pitched their camp at Beroth, a city of
the Upper Galilee, not far from Cadesh, which is itself also a place in Galilee.
Now the number of the whole army was three hundred thousand armed footmen, and
ten thousand horsemen, and twenty thousand chariots; so that the multitude of
the enemies affrighted both Joshua himself and the Israelites; and they, instead
of being full of hopes of good success, were superstitiously timorous, with
the great terror with which they were stricken. Whereupon God upbraided them
with the fear they were in, and asked them whether they desired a greater help
than he could afford them; and promised them that they should overcome their
enemies; and withal charged them to make their enemies' horses useless, and
to burn their chariots. So Joshua became full of courage upon these promises
of God, and went out suddenly against the enemies; and after five days' march
he came upon them, and joined battle with them, and there was a terrible fight,
and such a number were slain as could not be believed by those that heard it.
He also went on in the pursuit a great way, and destroyed the entire army of
the enemies, few only excepted, and all the kings fell in the battle; insomuch,
that when there wanted men to be killed, Joshua slew their horses, and burnt
their chariots and passed all over their country without opposition, no one
daring to meet him in battle; but he still went on, taking their cities by siege,
and again killing whatever he took.
19. The fifth year was now past, and there
was not one of the Canaanites remained any longer, excepting some that had retired
to places of great strength. So Joshua removed his camp to the mountainous country,
and placed the tabernacle in the city of Shiloh, for that seemed a fit place
for it, because of the beauty of its situation, until such thee as their affairs
would permit them to build a temple; and from thence he went to Shechem, together
with all the people, and raised an altar where Moses had beforehand directed;
then did he divide the army, and placed one half of them on Mount Gerizzim,
and the other half on Mount Ebal, on which mountain the altar was; he also placed
there the tribe of Levi, and the priests. And when they had sacrificed, and
denounced the [blessings and the] curses, and had left them engraven upon the
altar, they returned to Shiloh.
20. And now Joshua was old, and saw that
the cities of the Canaanites were not easily to be taken, not only because they
were situate in such strong places, but because of the strength of the walls
themselves, which being built round about, the natural strength of the places
on which the cities stood, seemed capable of repelling their enemies from besieging
them, and of making those enemies despair of taking them; for when the Canaanites
had learned that the Israelites came out of Egypt in order to destroy them,
they were busy all that time in making their cities strong. So he gathered the
people together to a congregation at Shiloh; and when they, with great zeal
and haste, were come thither, he observed to them what prosperous successes
they had already had, and what glorious things had been done, and those such
as were worthy of that God who enabled them to do those things, and worthy of
the virtue of those laws which they followed. He took notice also, that thirty-one
of those kings that ventured to give them battle were overcome, and every army,
how great soever it were, that confided in their own power, and fought with
them, was utterly destroyed; so that not so much as any of their posterity remained.
And as for the cities, since some of them were taken, but the others must be
taken in length of time, by long sieges, both on account of the strength of
their walls, and of the confidence the inhabitants had in them thereby, he thought
it reasonable that those tribes that came along with them from beyond Jordan,
and had partaken of the dangers they had undergone, being their own kindred,
should now be dismissed and sent home, and should have thanks for the pains
they had taken together with them. As also, he thought it reasonable that they
should send one man out of every tribe, and he such as had the testimony of
extraordinary virtue, who should measure the land faithfully, and without any
fallacy or deceit should inform them of its real magnitude.
21. Now Joshua, when he had thus spoken
to them, found that the multitude approved of his proposal. So he sent men to
measure their country, and sent with them some geometricians, who could not
easily fail of knowing the truth, on account of their skill in that art. He
also gave them a charge to estimate the measure of that part of the land that
was most fruitful, and what was not so good: for such is the nature of the land
of Canaan, that one may see large plains, and such as are exceeding fit to produce
fruit, which yet, if they were compared to other parts of the country, might
be reckoned exceedingly fruitful; yet, if it be compared with the fields about
Jericho, and to those that belong to Jerusalem, will appear to be of no account
at all; and although it so falls out that these people have but a very little
of this sort of land, and that it is, for the main, mountainous also, yet does
it not come behind other parts, on account of its exceeding goodness and beauty;
for which reason Joshua thought the land for the tribes should be divided by
estimation of its goodness, rather than the largeness of its measure, it often
happening that one acre of some sort of land was equivalent to a thousand other
acres. Now the men that were sent, which were in number ten, traveled all about,
and made an estimation of the land, and in the seventh month came to him to
the city of Shiloh, where they had set up the tabernacle.
22. So Joshua took both Eleazar and the
senate, and with them the heads of the tribes, and distributed the land to the
nine tribes, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh, appointing the dimensions to
be according to the largeness of each tribe. So when he had cast lots, Judah
had assigned him by lot the upper part of Judea, reaching as far as Jerusalem,
and its breadth extended to the Lake of Sodom. Now in the lot of this tribe
there were the cities of Askelon and Gaza. The lot of Simeon, which was the
second, included that part of Idumea which bordered upon Egypt and Arabia. As
to the Benjamites, their lot fell so, that its length reached from the river
Jordan to the sea, but in breadth it was bounded by Jerusalem and Bethel; and
this lot was the narrowest of all, by reason of the goodness of the land, for
it included Jericho and the city of Jerusalem. The tribe of Ephraim had by lot
the land that extended in length from the river Jordan to Gezer; but in breadth
as far as from Bethel, till it ended at the Great Plain. The half-tribe of Manasseh
had the land from Jordan to the city of Dora; but its breadth was at Bethsham,
which is now called Scythopolis. And after these was Issachar, which had its
limits in length, Mount Carmel and the river, but its limit in breadth was Mount
Tabor. The tribe of Zebulon's lot included the land which lay as far as the
Lake of Genesareth, and that which belonged to Carmel and the sea. The tribe
of Aser had that part which was called the Valley, for such it was, and all
that part which lay over-against Sidon. The city Arce belonged to their share,
which is also named Actipus. The Naphtalites received the eastern parts, as
far as the city of Damascus and the Upper Galilee, unto Mount Libanus, and the
Fountains of Jordan, which rise out of that mountain; that is, out of that part
of it whose limits belong to the neighboring city of Arce. The Danites' lot
included all that part of the valley which respects the sun-setting, and were
bounded by Azotus and Dora; as also they had all Jamnia and Gath, from Ekron
to that mountain where the tribe of Judah begins.
23. After this manner did Joshua divide
the six nations that bear the name of the sons of Canaan, with their land, to
be possessed by the nine tribes and a half; for Moses had prevented him, and
had already distributed the land of the Amorites, which itself was so called
also from one of the sons of Canaan, to the two tribes and a half, as we have
shown already. But the parts about Sidon, as also those that belonged to the
Arkites, and the Amathites, and the Aradians, were not yet regularly disposed
of.
24. But now was Joshua hindered by his age
from executing what he intended to do (as did those that succeeded him in the
government, take little care of what was for the advantage of the public); so
he gave it in charge to every tribe to leave no remainder of the race of the
Canaanites in the land that had been divided to them by lot; that Moses had
assured them beforehand, and they might rest fully satisfied about it, that
their own security and their observation of their own laws depended wholly upon
it. Moreover, he enjoined them to give thirty-eight cities to the Levites, for
they had already received ten in the country of the Amorites; and three of these
he assigned to those that fled from the man-slayers, who were to inhabit there;
for he was very solicitous that nothing should be neglected which Moses had
ordained. These cities were, of the tribe of Judah, Hebron; of that of Ephraim,
Shechem; and of that of Naphtali, Cadesh, which is a place of the Upper Galilee.
He also distributed among them the rest of the prey not yet distributed, which
was very great; whereby they had an affluence of great riches, both all in general,
and every one in particular; and this of gold and of vestments, and of other
furniture, besides a multitude of cattle, whose number could not be told.
25. After this was over, he gathered the
army together to a congregation, and spake thus to those tribes that had their
settlement in the land of the Amorites beyond Jordan,—for fifty thousand of
them had armed themselves, and had gone to the war along with them:—"Since that
God, who is the Father and Lord of the Hebrew nation, has now given us this
land for a possession, and promised to preserve us in the enjoyment of it as
our own for ever; and since you have with alacrity offered yourselves to assist
us when we wanted that assistance on all occasions, according to his command;
it is but just, now all our difficulties are over, that you should be permitted
to enjoy rest, and that we should trespass on your alacrity to help us no longer;
that so, if we should again stand in need of it, we may readily have it on any
future emergency, and not tire you out so much now as may make you slower in
assisting us another thee. We, therefore, return you our thanks for the dangers
you have undergone with us, and we do it not at this thee only, but we shall
always be thus disposed; and be so good as to remember our friends, and to preserve
in mind what advantages we have had from them; and how you have put off the
enjoyments of your own happiness for our sakes, and have labored for what we
have now, by the good-will of God, obtained, and resolved not to enjoy your
own prosperity till you had afforded us that assistance. However, you have,
by joining your labor with ours, gotten great plenty of riches, and will carry
home with you much prey, with gold and silver, and, what is more than all these,
our good-will towards you, and a mind willingly disposed to make a requital
of your kindness to us, in what case soever you shall desire it, for you have
not omitted any thing which Moses beforehand required of you, nor have you despised
him because he was dead and gone from you, so that there is nothing to diminish
that gratitude which we owe to you. We therefore dismiss you joyful to your
own inheritances; and we entreat you to suppose, that there is no limit to be
set to the intimate relation that is between us; and that you will not imagine,
because this river is interposed between us, that you are of a different race
from us, and not Hebrews; for we are all the posterity of Abraham, both we that
inhabit here, and you that inhabit there; and it is the same God that brought
our forefathers and yours into the world, whose worship and form of government
we are to take care of, which he has ordained, and are most carefully to observe;
because while you continue in those laws, God will also show himself merciful
and assisting to you; but if you imitate the other nations, and forsake those
laws, he will reject your nation." When Joshua had spoken thus, and saluted
them all, both those in authority one by one, and the whole multitude in common,
he himself staid where he was; but the people conducted those tribes on their
journey, and that not without tears in their eyes; and indeed they hardly knew
how to part one from the other.
26. Now when the tribe of Reuben, and that
of Gad, and as many of the Manassites as followed them, were passed over the
river, they built an altar on the banks of Jordan, as a monument to posterity,
and a sign of their relation to those that should inhabit on the other side.
But when those on the other side heard that those who had been dismissed had
built an altar, but did not hear with what intention they built it, but supposed
it to be by way of innovation, and for the introduction of strange gods, they
did not incline to disbelieve it; but thinking this defamatory report, as if
it were built for divine worship, was credible, they appeared in arms, as though
they would avenge themselves on those that built the altar; and they were about
to pass over the river, and to punish them for their subversion of the laws
of their country; for they did not think it fit to regard them on account of
their kindred or the dignity of those that had given the occasion, but to regard
the will of God, and the manner wherein he desired to be worshipped; so these
men put themselves in array for war. But Joshua, and Eleazar the high priest,
and the senate, restrained them; and persuaded them first to make trial by words
of their intention, and afterwards, if they found that their intention was evil,
then only to proceed to make war upon them. Accordingly, they sent as ambassadors
to them Phineas the son of Eleazar, and ten more persons that were in esteem
among the Hebrews, to learn of them what was in their mind, when, upon passing
over the river, they had built an altar upon its banks. And as soon as these
ambassadors were passed over, and were come to them, and a congregation was
assembled, Phineas stood up and said, that the offense they had been guilty
of was of too heinous a nature to be punished by words alone, or by them only
to be amended for the future; yet that they did not so look at the heinousness
of their transgression as to have recourse to arms, and to a battle for their
punishment immediately, but that, on account of their kindred, and the probability
there was that they might be reclaimed, they took this method of sending an
embassage to them: "That when we have learned the true reasons by which you
have been moved to build this altar, we may neither seem to have been too rash
in assaulting you by our weapons of war, if it prove that you made the altar
for justifiable reasons, and may then justly punish you if the accusation prove
true; for we can hardly suppose that you, who have been acquainted with the
will of God and have been hearers of those laws which he himself hath given
us, now you are separated from us, and gone to that patrimony of yours, which
you, through the grace of God, and that providence which he exercises over you,
have obtained by lot, can forget him, and can leave that ark and that altar
which is peculiar to us, and can introduce strange gods, and imitate the wicked
practices of the Canaanites. Now this will appear to have been a small crime
if you repent now, and proceed no further in your madness, but pay a due reverence
to, and keep in mind the laws of your country; but if you persist in your sins,
we will not grudge our pains to preserve our laws; but we will pass over Jordan
and defend them, and defend God also, and shall esteem of you as of men no way
differing from the Canaanites, but shall destroy you in the like manner as we
destroyed them; for do not you imagine that, because you are got over the river,
you are got out of the reach of God's power; you are every where in places that
belong to him, and impossible it is to overrun his power, and the punishment
he will bring on men thereby: but if you think that your settlement here will
be any obstruction to your conversion to what is good, nothing need hinder us
from dividing the land anew, and leaving this old land to be for the feeding
of sheep; but you will do well to return to your duty, and to leave off these
new crimes; and we beseech you, by your children and wives, not to force us
to punish you. Take therefore such measures in this assembly, as supposing that
your own safety, and the safety of those that are dearest to you, is therein
concerned, and believe that it is better for you to be conquered by words, than
to continue in your purpose, and to experience deeds and war therefore."
27. When Phineas had discoursed thus, the
governors of the assembly, and the whole multitude, began to make an apology
for themselves, concerning what they were accused of; and they said, that they
neither would depart from the relation they bare to them, nor had they built
the altar by way of innovation; that they owned one and the same common God
with all the Hebrews, and that brazen altar which was before the tabernacle,
on which they would offer their sacrifices; that as to the altar they had raised,
on account of which they were thus suspected, it was not built for worship,
"but that it might be a sign and a monument of our relation to you for ever,
and a necessary caution to us to act wisely, and to continue in the laws of
our country, but not a handle for transgressing them, as you suspect: and let
God be our authentic witness, that this was the occasion of our building this
altar: whence we beg you will have a better opinion of us, and do not impute
such a thing to us as would render any of the posterity of Abraham well worthy
of perdition, in case they attempt to bring in new rites, and such as are different
from our usual practices."
28. When they had made this answer, and
Phineas had commended them for it, he came to Joshua, and explained before the
people what answer they had received. Now Joshua was glad that he was under
no necessity of setting them in array, or of leading them to shed blood, and
make war against men of their own kindred; and accordingly he offered sacrifices
of thanksgiving to God for the same. So Joshua after that dissolved this great
assembly of the people, and sent them to their own inheritances, while he himself
lived in Shechem. But in the twentieth year after this, when he was very old,
he sent for those of the greatest dignity in the several cities, with those
in authority, and the senate, and as many of the common people as could be present;
and when they were come, he put them in mind of all the benefits God had bestowed
on them, which could not but be a great many, since from a low estate they were
advanced to so great a degree of glory and plenty; and exhorted them to take
notice of the intentions of God, which had been so gracious towards them; and
told them that the Deity would continue their friend by nothing else but their
piety; and that it was proper for him, now that he was about to depart out of
this life, to leave such an admonition to them; and he desired that they would
keep in memory this his exhortation to them.
29. So Joshua, when he had thus discoursed
to them, died, having lived a hundred and ten years; forty of which he lived
with Moses, in order to learn what might be for his advantage afterwards. He
also became their commander after his death for twenty-five years. He was a
man that wanted not wisdom nor eloquence to declare his intentions to the people,
but very eminent on both accounts. He was of great courage and magnanimity in
action and in dangers, and very sagacious in procuring the peace of the people,
and of great virtue at all proper seasons. He was buried in the city of Timnah,
of the tribe of Ephraim.9 About the same time died
Eleazar the high priest, leaving the high priesthood to his son Phineas. His
monument also, and sepulchre, are in the city of Gabatha.
CHAPTER
2
HOW, AFTER THE DEATH OF JOSHUA THEIR COMMANDER, THE ISRAELITES TRANSGRESSED
THE LAWS OF THEIR COUNTRY, AND EXPERIENCED GREAT AFFLICTIONS; AND WHEN THERE
WAS A SEDITION ARISEN, THE TRIBE OF BENJAMIN WAS DESTROYED EXCEPTING ONLY SIX
HUNDRED MEN
1. After the death of Joshua and Eleazar, Phineas prophesied,10
that according to God's will they should commit the government to the tribe
of Judah, and that this tribe should destroy the race of the Canaanites; for
then the people were concerned to learn what was the will of God. They also
took to their assistance the tribe of Simeon; but upon this condition, that
when those that had been tributary to the tribe of Judah should be slain, they
should do the like for the tribe of Simeon.
2. But the affairs of the Canaanites were
at this time in a flourishing condition, and they expected the Israelites with
a great army at the city Bezek, having put the government into the hands of
Adonibezek, which name denotes the Lord of Bezek, for Adoni in the Hebrew tongue
signifies Lord. Now they hoped to have been too hard for the Israelites, because
Joshua was dead; but when the Israelites had joined battle with them, I mean
the two tribes before mentioned, they fought gloriously, and slew above ten
thousand of them, and put the rest to flight; and in the pursuit they took Adonibezek,
who, when his fingers and toes were cut off by them, said, "Nay, indeed, I was
not always to lie concealed from God, as I find by what I now endure, while
I have not been ashamed to do the same to seventy-two kings."11
So they carried him alive as far as Jerusalem; and when he was dead, they buried
him in the earth, and went on still in taking the cities: and when they had
taken the greatest part of them, they besieged Jerusalem; and when they had
taken the lower city, which was not under a considerable time, they slew all
the inhabitants; but the upper city was not to be taken without great difficulty,
through the strength of its walls, and the nature of the place.
3. For which reason they removed their camp
to Hebron; and when they had taken it, they slew all the inhabitants. There
were till then left the race of giants, who had bodies so large, and countenances
so entirely different from other men, that they were surprising to the sight,
and terrible to the hearing. The bones of these men are still shown to this
very day, unlike to any credible relations of other men. Now they gave this
city to the Levites as an extraordinary reward, with the suburbs of two thousand
cities; but the land thereto belonging they gave as a free gift to Caleb, according
to the injunctions of Moses. This Caleb was one of the spies which Moses sent
into the land of Canaan. They also gave land for habitation to the posterity
of Jethro, the Midianite, who was the father-in-law to Moses; for they had left
their own country, and followed them, and accompanied them in the wilderness.
4. Now the tribes of Judah and Simeon took
the cities which were in the mountainous part of Canaan, as also Askelon and
Ashdod, of those that lay near the sea; but Gaza and Ekron escaped them, for
they, lying in a flat country, and having a great number of chariots, sorely
galled those that attacked them. So these tribes, when they were grown very
rich by this war, retired to their own cities, and laid aside their weapons
of war.
5. But the Benjamites, to whom belonged
Jerusalem, permitted its inhabitants to pay tribute. So they all left off, the
one to kill, and the other to expose themselves to danger, and had time to cultivate
the ground. The rest of the tribes imitated that of Benjamin, and did the same;
and, contenting themselves with the tributes that were paid them, permitted
the Canaanites to live in peace.
6. However, the tribe of Ephraim, when they
besieged Bethel, made no advance, nor performed any thing worthy of the time
they spent, and of the pains they took about that siege; yet did they persist
in it, still sitting down before the city, though they endured great trouble
thereby: but, after some time, they caught one of the citizens that came to
them to get necessaries, and they gave him some assurances that, if he would
deliver up the city to them, they would preserve him and his kindred; so he
aware that, upon those terms, he would put the city into their hands. Accordingly,
he that, thus betrayed the city was preserved with his family; and the Israelites
slew all the inhabitants, and retained the city for themselves.
7. After this, the Israelites grew effeminate
as to fighting any more against their enemies, but applied themselves to the
cultivation of the land, which producing them great plenty and riches, they
neglected the regular disposition of their settlement, and indulged themselves
in luxury and pleasures; nor were they any longer careful to hear the laws that
belonged to their political government: whereupon God was provoked to anger,
and put them in mind, first, how, contrary to his directions, they had spared
the Canaanites; and, after that, how those Canaanites, as opportunity served,
used them very barbarously. But the Israelites, though they were in heaviness
at these admonitions from God, yet were they still very unwilling to go to war;
and since they got large tributes from the Canaanites, and were indisposed for
taking pains by their luxury, they suffered their aristocracy to be corrupted
also, and did not ordain themselves a senate, nor any other such magistrates
as their laws had formerly required, but they were very much given to cultivating
their fields, in order to get wealth; which great indolence of theirs brought
a terrible sedition upon them, and they proceeded so far as to fight one against
another, from the following occasion:—
8. There was a Levite12
a man of a vulgar family, that belonged to the tribe of Ephraim, and dwelt therein:
this man married a wife from Bethlehem, which is a place belonging to the tribe
of Judah. Now he was very fond of his wife, and overcome with her beauty; but
he was unhappy in this, that he did not meet with the like return of affection
from her, for she was averse to him, which did more inflame his passion for
her, so that they quarreled one with another perpetually; and at last the woman
was so disgusted at these quarrels, that she left her husband, and went to her
parents in the fourth month. The husband being very uneasy at this her departure,
and that out of his fondness for her, came to his father and mother-in-law,
and made up their quarrels, and was reconciled to her, and lived with them there
four days, as being kindly treated by her parents. On the fifth day he resolved
to go home, and went away in the evening; for his wife's parents were loath
to part with their daughter, and delayed the time till the day was gone. Now
they had one servant that followed them, and an ass on which the woman rode;
and when they were near Jerusalem, having gone already thirty furlongs, the
servant advised them to take up their lodgings somewhere, lest some misfortune
should befall them if they traveled in the night, especially since they were
not far off enemies, that season often giving reason for suspicion of dangers
from even such as are friends; but the husband was not pleased with this advice,
nor was he willing to take up his lodging among strangers, for the city belonged
to the Canaanites, but desired rather to go twenty furlongs farther, and so
to take their lodgings in some Israelite city. Accordingly, he obtained his
purpose, and came to Gibeah, a city of the tribe of Benjamin, when it was just
dark; and while no one that lived in the market-place invited him to lodge with
him, there came an old man out of the field, one that was indeed of the tribe
of Ephraim, but resided in Gibeah, and met him, and asked him who he was, and
for what reason he came thither so late, and why he was looking out for provisions
for supper when it was dark? To which he replied, that he was a Levite, and
was bringing his wife from her parents, and was going home; but he told him
his habitation was in the tribe of Ephraim: so the old man, as well because
of their kindred as because they lived in the same tribe, and also because they
had thus accidentally met together, took him in to lodge with him. Now certain
young men of the inhabitants of Gibeah, having seen the woman in the market-place,
and admiring her beauty, when they understood that she lodged with the old man,
came to the doors, as contemning the weakness and fewness of the old man's family;
and when the old man desired them to go away, and not to offer any violence
or abuse there, they desired him to yield them up the strange woman, and then
he should have no harm done to him: and when the old man alleged that the Levite
was of his kindred, and that they would be guilty of horrid wickedness if they
suffered themselves to be overcome by their pleasures, and so offend against
their laws, they despised his righteous admonition, and laughed him to scorn.
They also threatened to kill him if he became an obstacle to their inclinations;
whereupon, when he found himself in great distress, and yet was not willing
to overlook his guests, and see them abused, he produced his own daughter to
them; and told them that it was a smaller breach of the law to satisfy their
lust upon her, than to abuse his guests, supposing that he himself should by
this means prevent any injury to be done to those guests. When they no way abated
of their earnestness for the strange woman, but insisted absolutely on their
desires to have her, he entreated them not to perpetrate any such act of injustice;
but they proceeded to take her away by force, and indulging still more the violence
of their inclinations, they took the woman away to their house, and when they
had satisfied their lust upon her the whole night, they let her go about daybreak.
So she came to the place where she had been entertained, under great affliction
at what had happened; and was very sorrowful upon occasion of what she had suffered,
and durst not look her husband in the face for shame, for she concluded that
he would never forgive her for what she had done; so she fell down, and gave
up the ghost: but her husband supposed that his wife was only fast asleep, and,
thinking nothing of a more melancholy nature had happened, endeavored to raise
her up, resolving to speak comfortably to her, since she did not voluntarily
expose herself to these men's lust, but was forced away to their house; but
as soon as he perceived she was dead, he acted as prudently as the greatness
of his misfortunes would admit, and laid his dead wife upon the beast, and carried
her home; and cutting her, limb by limb, into twelve pieces, he sent them to
every tribe, and gave it in charge to those that carried them, to inform the
tribes of those that were the causes of his wife's death, and of the violence
they had offered to her.
9. Upon this the people were greatly disturbed
at what they saw, and at what they heard, as never having had the experience
of such a thing before; so they gathered themselves to Shiloh, out of a prodigious
and a just anger, and assembling in a great congregation before the tabernacle,
they immediately resolved to take arms, and to treat the inhabitants of Gibeah
as enemies; but the senate restrained them from doing so, and persuaded them,
that they ought not so hastily to make war upon people of the same nation with
them, before they discoursed them by words concerning the accusation laid against
them; it being part of their law, that they should not bring an army against
foreigners themselves, when they appear to have been injurious, without sending
an ambassage first, and trying thereby whether they will repent or not: and
accordingly they exhorted them to do what they ought to do in obedience to their
laws, that is, to send to the inhabitants of Gibeah, to know whether they would
deliver up the offenders to them, and if they deliver them up, to rest satisfied
with the punishment of those offenders; but if they despised the message that
was sent them, to punish them by taking up arms against them. Accordingly they
sent to the inhabitants of Gibeah, and accused the young men of the crimes committed
in the affair of the Levite's wife, and required of them those that had done
what was contrary to the law, that they might be punished, as having justly
deserved to die for what they had done; but the inhabitants of Gibeah would
not deliver up the young men, and thought it too reproachful to them, out of
fear of war, to submit to other men's demands upon them; vaunting themselves
to be no way inferior to any in war, neither in their number nor in courage.
The rest of their tribe were also making great preparation for war, for they
were so insolently mad as also to resolve to repel force by force.
10. When it was related to the Israelites
what the inhabitants of Gibeah had resolved upon, they took their oath that
no one of them would give his daughter in marriage to a Benjamite, but make
war with greater fury against them than we have learned our forefathers made
war against the Canaanites; and sent out presently an army of four hundred thousand
against them, while the Benjamites' army-was twenty-five thousand and six hundred;
five hundred of whom were excellent at slinging stones with their left hands,
insomuch that when the battle was joined at Gibeah the Benjamites beat the Israelites,
and of them there fell two thousand men; and probably more had been destroyed
had not the night came on and prevented it, and broken off the fight; so the
Benjamites returned to the city with joy, and the Israelites returned to their
camp in a great fright at what had happened. On the next day, when they fought
again, the Benjamites beat them; and eighteen thousand of the Israelites were
slain, and the rest deserted their camp out of fear of a greater slaughter.
So they came to Bethel,13 a city that was near their
camp, and fasted on the next day; and besought God, by Phineas the high priest,
that his wrath against them might cease, and that he would be satisfied with
these two defeats, and give them the victory and power over their enemies. Accordingly
God promised them so to do, by the prophesying of Phineas.
11. When therefore they had divided the
army into two parts, they laid the one half of them in ambush about the city
Gibeah by night, while the other half attacked the Benjamites, who retiring
upon the assault, the Benjamites pursued them, while the Hebrews retired by
slow degrees, as very desirous to draw them entirely from the city; and the
other followed them as they retired, till both the old men and the young men
that were left in the city, as too weak to fight, came running out together
with them, as willing to bring their enemies under. However, when they were
a great way from the city the Hebrews ran away no longer, but turned back to
fight them, and lifted up the signal they had agreed on to those that lay in
ambush, who rose up, and with a great noise fell upon the enemy. Now, as soon
as ever they perceived themselves to be deceived, they knew not what to do;
and when they were driven into a certain hollow place which was in a valley,
they were shot at by those that encompassed them, till they were all destroyed,
excepting six hundred, which formed themselves into a close body of men, and
forced their passage through the midst of their enemies, and fled to the neighboring
mountains, and, seizing upon them, remained there; but the rest of them, being
about twenty-five thousand, were slain. Then did the Israelites burn Gibeah,
and slew the women, and the males that were under age; and did the same also
to the other cities of the Benjamites; and, indeed, they were enraged to that
degree, that they sent twelve thousand men out of the army, and gave them orders
to destroy Jabesh Gilead, because it did not join with them in fighting against
the Benjamites. Accordingly, those that were sent slew the men of war, with
their children and wives, excepting four hundred virgins. To such a degree had
they proceeded in their anger, because they not only had the suffering of the
Levite's wife to avenge, but the slaughter of their own soldiers.
12. However, they afterward were sorry for
the calamity they had brought upon the Benjamites, and appointed a fast on that
account, although they supposed those men had suffered justly for their offense
against the laws; so they recalled by their ambassadors those six hundred which
had escaped. These had seated themselves on a certain rock called Rimmon, which
was in the wilderness. So the ambassadors lamented not only the disaster that
had befallen the Benjamites, but themselves also, by this destruction of their
kindred; and persuaded them to take it patiently; and to come and unite with
them, and not, so far as in them lay, to give their suffrage to the utter destruction
of the tribe of Benjamin; and said to them, "We give you leave to take the whole
land of Benjamin to yourselves, and as much prey as you are able to carry away
with you." So these men with sorrow confessed, that what had been done was according
to the decree of God, and had happened for their own wickedness; and assented
to those that invited them, and came down to their own tribe. The Israelites
also gave them the four hundred virgins of Jabesh Gilead for wives; but as to
the remaining two hundred, they deliberated about it how they might compass
wives enough for them, and that they might have children by them; and whereas
they had, before the war began, taken an oath, that no one would give his daughter
to wife to a Benjamite, some advised them to have no regard to what they had
sworn, because the oath had not been taken advisedly and judiciously, but in
a passion, and thought that they should do nothing against God, if they were
able to save a whole tribe which was in danger of perishing; and that perjury
was then a sad and dangerous thing, not when it is done out of necessity, but
when it is done with a wicked intention. But when the senate were affrighted
at the very name of perjury, a certain person told them that he could show them
a way whereby they might procure the Benjamites wives enough, and yet keep their
oath. They asked him what his proposal was. He said, "That three times in a
year, when we meet in Shiloh, our wives and our daughters accompany us: let
then the Benjamites be allowed to steal away, and marry such women as they can
catch, while we will neither incite them nor forbid them; and when their parents
take it ill, and desire us to inflict punishment upon them, we will tell them,
that they were themselves the cause of what had happened, by neglecting to guard
their daughters, and that they ought not to be over angry at the Benjamites,
since that anger was permitted to rise too high already." So the Israelites
were persuaded to follow this advice, and decreed, that the Benjamites should
be allowed thus to steal themselves wives. So when the festival was coming on,
these two hundred Benjamites lay in ambush before the city, by two and three
together, and waited for the coming of the virgins, in the vineyards and other
places where they could lie concealed. Accordingly the virgins came along playing,
and suspected nothing of what was coming upon them, and walked after an unguarded
manner, so those that laid scattered in the road, rose up, and caught hold of
them: by this means these Benjamites got them wives, and fell to agriculture,
and took good care to recover their former happy state. And thus was this tribe
of the Benjamites, after they had been in danger of entirely perishing, saved
in the manner forementioned, by the wisdom of the Israelites; and accordingly
it presently flourished, and soon increased to be a multitude, and came to enjoy
all other degrees of happiness. And such was the conclusion of this war.
CHAPTER
3
HOW THE ISRAELITES AFTER THIS MISFORTUNE GREW WICKED AND SERVED THE ASSYRIANS;
AND HOW GOD DELIVERED THEM BY OTHNIEL, WHO RULED OVER THEM FORTY YEARS
1. Now it happened that the tribe of Dan suffered in like manner with
the tribe of Benjamin; and it came to do so on the occasion following:—When
the Israelites had already left off the exercise of their arms for war, and
were intent upon their husbandry, the Canaanites despised them, and brought
together an army, not because they expected to suffer by them, but because they
had a mind to have a sure prospect of treating the Hebrews ill when they pleased,
and might thereby for the time to come dwell in their own cities the more securely;
they prepared therefore their chariots, and gathered their soldiery together,
their cities also combined together, and drew over to them Askelon and Ekron,
which were within the tribe of Judah, and many more of those that lay in the
plain. They also forced the Danites to fly into the mountainous country, and
left them not the least portion of the plain country to set their foot on. Since
then these Danites were not able to fight them, and had not land enough to sustain
them, they sent five of their men into the midland country, to seek for a land
to which they might remove their habitation. So these men went as far as the
neighborhood of Mount Libanus, and the fountains of the Lesser Jordan, at the
great plain of Sidon, a day's journey from the city; and when they had taken
a view of the land, and found it to be good and exceeding fruitful, they acquainted
their tribe with it, whereupon they made an expedition with the army, and built
there the city Dan, of the same name with the son of Jacob, and of the same
name with their own tribe.
2. The Israelites grew so indolent, and
unready of taking pains, that misfortunes came heavier upon them, which also
proceeded in part from their contempt of the Divine worship; for when they had
once fallen off from the regularity of their political government, they indulged
themselves further in living according to their own pleasure, and according
to their own will, till they were full of the evil doings that were common among
the Canaanites. God therefore was angry with them, and they lost that their
happy state which they had obtained by innumerable labors, by their luxury;
for when Chusan, king of the Assyrians, had made war against them, they lost
many of their soldiers in the battle, and when they were besieged, they were
taken by force; nay, there were some who, out of fear, voluntarily submitted
to him, and though the tribute laid upon them was more than they could bear,
yet did they pay it, and underwent all sort of oppression for eight years; after
which time they were freed from them in the following manner:—
3. There was one whose name was Othniel,
the son of Kenaz, of the tribe of Judah, an active man and of great courage.
He had an admonition from God not to overlook the Israelites in such a distress
as they were now in, but to endeavor boldly to gain them their liberty; so when
he had procured some to assist him in this dangerous undertaking, (and few they
were, who, either out of shame at their present circumstances, or out of a desire
of changing them, could be prevailed on to assist him,) he first of all destroyed
that garrison which Chusan had set over them; but when it was perceived that
he had not failed in his first attempt, more of the people came to his assistance;
so they joined battle with the Assyrians, and drove them entirely before them,
and compelled them to pass over Euphrates. Hereupon Othniel, who had given such
proofs of his valor, received from the multitude authority to judge the people;
and when he had ruled over them forty years, he died.
CHAPTER
4
HOW OUR PEOPLE SERVED THE MOABITES EIGHTEEN YEARS, AND WERE THEN DELIVERED FROM
SLAVERY BY ONE EHUD WHO RETAINED THE DOMINION EIGHTY YEARS
1. 1. When Othniel was dead, the affairs of the Israelites fell again
into disorder: and while they neither paid to God the honor due to him, nor
were obedient to the laws, their afflictions increased, till Eglon, king of
the Moabites, did so greatly despise them on account of the disorders of their
political government, that he made war upon them, and overcame them in several
battles, and made the most courageous to submit, and entirely subdued their
army, and ordered them to pay him tribute. And when he had built him a royal
palace at Jericho,14 he omitted no method whereby
he might distress them; and indeed he reduced them to poverty for eighteen years.
But when God had once taken pity of the Israelites, on account of their afflictions,
and was moved to compassion by their supplications put up to him, he freed them
from the hard usage they had met with under the Moabites. This liberty he procured
for them in the following manner;—
2. There was a young man of the tribe of
Benjamin, whose name was Ehud, the son of Gera, a man of very great courage
in bold undertakings, and of a very strong body, fit for hard labor, but best
skilled in using his left hand, in which was his whole strength; and he also
dwelt at Jericho. Now this man became familiar with Eglon, and that by means
of presents, with which he obtained his favor, and insinuated himself into his
good opinion; whereby he was also beloved of those that were about the king.
Now, when on a time, he was bringing presents to the king, and had two servants
with him, he put a dagger on his right thigh secretly, and went in to him: it
was then summer time, and the middle of the day, when the guards were not strictly
on their watch, both because of the heat, and because they were gone to dinner.
So the young man, when he had offered his presents to the king, who then resided
in a small parlor that stood conveniently to avoid the heat, fell into discourse
with him, for they were now alone, the king having bid his servants that attended
him to go their ways, because he had a mind to talk with Ehud. He was now sitting
on his throne; and fear seized upon Ehud lest he should miss his stroke, and
not give him a deadly wound; so he raised himself up, and said he had a dream
to impart to him by the command of God; upon which the king leaped out of his
throne for joy of the dream; so Ehud smote him to the heart, and leaving his
dagger in his body, he went out and shut the door after him. Now the king's
servants were very still, as supposing that the king had composed himself to
sleep.
3. Hereupon Ehud informed the people of
Jericho privately of what he had done, and exhorted them to recover their liberty;
who heard him gladly, and went to their arms, and sent messengers over the country,
that should sound trumpets of rams' horns; for it was our custom to call the
people together by them. Now the attendants of Eglon were ignorant of what misfortune
had befallen him for a great while; but, towards the evening, fearing some uncommon
accident had happened, they entered into his parlor, and when they found him
dead, they were in great disorder, and knew not what to do; and before the guards
could be got together, the multitude of the Israelites came upon them, so that
some of them were slain immediately, and some were put to flight, and ran away
toward the country of Moab, in order to save themselves. Their number was above
ten thousand. The Israelites seized upon the ford of Jordan, and pursued them,
and slew them, and many of them they killed at the ford, nor did one of them
escape out of their hands; and by this means it was that the Hebrews freed themselves
from slavery under the Moabites. Ehud also was on this account dignified with
the government over all the multitude, and died after he had held the government
eighty years.15 He was a man worthy of commendation,
even besides what he deserved for the forementioned act of his. After him Shamgar,
the son of Anath, was elected for their governor, but died in the first year
of his government.
CHAPTER
5
HOW THE CANAANITES BROUGHT THE ISRAELITES UNDER SLAVERY FOR TWENTY YEARS; AFTER
WHICH THEY WERE DELIVERED BY BARAK AND DEBORAH, WHO RULED OVER THEM FOR FORTY
YEARS
1. And now it was that the Israelites, taking no warning by their former
misfortunes to amend their manners, and neither worshipping God nor submitting
to the laws, were brought under slavery by Jabin, the king of the Canaanites,
and that before they had a short breathing time after the slavery under the
Moabites; for this Jabin out of Hazor, a city that was situate over the Semechonitis,
and had in pay three hundred footmen, and ten thousand horsemen, with fewer
than three thousand chariots. Sisera was commander of all his army, and was
the principal person in the king's favor. He so sorely beat the Israelites when
they fought with him, that he ordered them to pay tribute.
2. So they continued to that hardship for
twenty years, as not good enough of themselves to grow wise by their misfortunes.
God was willing also hereby the more to subdue their obstinacy and ingratitude
towards himself: so when at length they were become penitent, and were so wise
as to learn that their calamities arose from their contempt of the laws, they
besought Deborah, a certain prophetess among them, (which name in the Hebrew
tongue signifies a Bee,) to pray to God to take pity on them, and not to overlook
them, now they were ruined by the Canaanites. So God granted them deliverance,
and chose them a general, Barak, one that was of the tribe of Naphtali. Now
Barak, in the Hebrew tongue, signifies Lightning.
3. So Deborah sent for Barak, and bade him
choose out ten thousand young men to go against the enemy, because God had said
that that number was sufficient, and promised them victory. But when Barak said
that he would not be the general unless she would also go as a general with
him, she had indignation at what he said "Thou, O Barak, deliverest up meanly
that authority which God hath given thee into the hand of a woman, and I do
not reject it!" So they collected ten thousand men, and pitched their camp at
Mount Tabor, where, at the king's command, Sisera met them, and pitched his
camp not far from the enemy; whereupon the Israelites, and Barak himself, were
so affrighted at the multitude of those enemies, that they were resolved to
march off, had not Deborah retained them, and commanded them to fight the enemy
that very day, for that they should conquer them, and God would be their assistance.
4. So the battle began; and when they were
come to a close fight, there came down from heaven a great storm, with a vast
quantity of rain and hail, and the wind blew the rain in the face of the Canaanites,
and so darkened their eyes, that their arrows and slings were of no advantage
to them, nor would the coldness of the air permit the soldiers to make use of
their swords; while this storm did not so much incommode the Israelites, because
it came in their backs. They also took such courage, upon the apprehension that
God was assisting them, that they fell upon the very midst of their enemies,
and slew a great number of them; so that some of them fell by the Israelites,
some fell by their own horses, which were put into disorder, and not a few were
killed by their own chariots. At last Sisera, as soon as he saw himself beaten,
fled away, and came to a woman whose name was Jael, a Kenite, who received him,
when he desired to be concealed; and when he asked for somewhat to drink, she
gave him sour milk, of which he drank so unmeasurably that he fell asleep; but
when he was asleep, Jael took an iron nail, and with a hammer drove it through
his temples into the floor; and when Barak came a little afterward, she showed
Sisera nailed to the ground: and thus was this victory gained by a woman, as
Deborah had foretold. Barak also fought with Jabin at Hazor; and when he met
with him, he slew him: and when the general was fallen, Barak overthrew the
city to the foundation, and was the commander of the Israelites for forty years.
CHAPTER
6
HOW THE MIDIANITES AND OTHER NATIONS FOUGHT AGAINST THE ISRAELITES AND BEAT
THEM, AND AFFLICTED THEIR COUNTRY FOR SEVEN YEARS; HOW THEY WERE DELIVERED BY
GIDEON, WHO RULED OVER THE MULTITUDE FOR FORTY YEARS
1. Now when Barak and Deborah were dead, whose deaths happened about the
same time, afterwards the Midianites called the Amalekites and Arabians to their
assistance, and made war against the Israelites, and were too hard for those
that fought against them; and when they had burnt the fruits of the earth, they
carried off the prey. Now when they had done this for three years, the multitude
of the Israelites retired to the mountains, and forsook the plain country. They
also made themselves hollows under ground, and caverns, and preserved therein
whatsoever had escaped their enemies; for the Midianites made expeditions in
harvest-time, but permitted them to plough the land in winter, that so, when
the others had taken the pains, they might have fruits for them to carry away.
Indeed, there ensued a famine and a scarcity of food; upon which they betook
themselves to their supplications to God, and besought him to save them.
2. Gideon also, the son of Joash, one of
the principal persons of the tribe of Manasseh, brought his sheaves of corn
privately, and thrashed them at the wine-press; for he was too fearful of their
enemies to thrash them openly in the thrashing-floor. At this time somewhat
appeared to him in the shape of a young man, and told him that he was a happy
man, and beloved of God. To which he immediately replied, "A mighty indication
of God's favor to me, that I am forced to use this wine-press instead of a thrashing-floor!"
But the appearance exhorted him to be of good courage, and to make an attempt
for the recovery of their liberty. He answered, that it was impossible for him
to recover it, because the tribe to which he belonged was by no means numerous;
and because he was but young himself, and too inconsiderable to think of such
great actions. But the other promised him, that God would supply what he was
defective in, and would afford the Israelites victory under his conduct.
3. Now, therefore, as Gideon was relating
this to some young men, they believed him, and immediately there was an army
of ten thousand men got ready for fighting. But God stood by Gideon in his sleep,
and told him that mankind were too fond of themselves, and were enemies to such
as excelled in virtue. Now that they might not pass God over, but ascribe the
victory to him, and might not fancy it obtained by their own power, because
they were a great many, and able of themselves to fight their enemies, but might
confess that it was owing to his assistance, he advised him to bring his army
about noon, in the violence of the heat, to the river, and to esteem those that
bent down on their knees, and so drank, to be men of courage; but for all those
that drank tumultuously, that he should esteem them to do it out of fear, and
as in dread of their enemies. And when Gideon had done as God had suggested
to him, there were found three hundred men that took water with their hands
tumultuously; so God bid him take these men, and attack the enemy. Accordingly
they pitched their camp at the river Jordan, as ready the next day to pass over
it.
4. But Gideon was in great fear, for God
had told him beforehand that he should set upon his enemies in the night-time;
but God, being willing to free him from his fear, bid him take one of his soldiers,
and go near to the Midianites' tents, for that he should from that very place
have his courage raised, and grow bold. So he obeyed, and went and took his
servant Phurah with him; and as he came near to one of the tents, he discovered
that those that were in it were awake, and that one of them was telling to his
fellow soldier a dream of his own, and that so plainly that Gideon could hear
him. The dream was this:—He thought he saw a barley-cake, such a one as could
hardly be eaten by men, it was so vile, rolling through the camp, and overthrowing
the royal tent, and the tents of all the soldiers. Now the other soldier explained
this vision to mean the destruction of the army; and told them what his reason
was which made him so conjecture, viz. That the seed called barley was all of
it allowed to be of the vilest sort of seed, and that the Israelites were known
to be the vilest of all the people of Asia, agreeably to the seed of barley,
and that what seemed to look big among the Israelites was this Gideon and the
army that was with him; "and since thou sayest thou didst see the cake overturning
our tents, I am afraid lest God hath granted the victory over us to Gideon."
5. When Gideon had heard this dream, good
hope and courage came upon him; and he commanded his soldiers to arm themselves,
and told them of this vision of their enemies. They also took courage at what
was told them, and were ready to perform what he should enjoin them. So Gideon
divided his army into three parts, and brought it out about the fourth watch
of the night, each part containing a hundred men: they all bare empty pitchers
and lighted lamps in their hands, that their onset might not be discovered by
their enemies. They had also each of them a ram's horn in his right hand, which
he used instead of a trumpet. The enemy's camp took up a large space of ground,
for it happened that they had a great many camels; and as they were divided
into different nations, so they were all contained in one circle. Now when the
Hebrews did as they were ordered beforehand, upon their approach to their enemies,
and, on the signal given, sounded with their rams' horns, and brake their pitchers,
and set upon their enemies with their lamps, and a great shout, and cried, "Victory
to Gideon, by God's assistance," a disorder and a fright seized upon the other
men while they were half asleep, for it was night-time, as God would have it;
so that a few of them were slain by their enemies, but the greatest part by
their own soldiers, on account of the diversity of their language; and when
they were once put into disorder, they killed all that they met with, as thinking
them to be enemies also. Thus there was a great slaughter made. And as the report
of Gideon's victory came to the Israelites, they took their weapons and pursued
their enemies, and overtook them in a certain valley encompassed with torrents,
a place which these could not get over; so they encompassed them, and slew them
all, with their kings, Oreb and Zeeb. But the remaining captains led those soldiers
that were left, which were about eighteen thousand, and pitched their camp a
great way off the Israelites. However, Gideon did not grudge his pains, but
pursued them with all his army, and joining battle with them, cut off the whole
enemies' army, and took the other leaders, Zeba and Zalmuna, and made them captives.
Now there were slain in this battle of the Midianites, and of their auxiliaries
the Arabians, about a hundred and twenty thousand; and the Hebrews took a great
prey, gold, and silver, and garments, and camels, and asses. And when Gideon
was come to his own country of Ophrah, he slew the kings of the Midianites.
6. However, the tribe of Ephraim was so
displeased at the good success of Gideon, that they resolved to make war against
him, accusing him because he did not tell them of his expedition against their
enemies. But Gideon, as a man of temper, and that excelled in every virtue,
pleaded, that it was not the result of his own authority or reasoning, that
made him attack the enemy without them; but that it was the command of God,
and still the victory belonged to them as well as those in the army. And by
this method of cooling their passions, he brought more advantage to the Hebrews,
than by the success he had against these enemies, for he thereby delivered them
from a sedition which was arising among them; yet did this tribe afterwards
suffer the punishment of this their injurious treatment of Gideon, of which
we will give an account in due time.
7. Hereupon Gideon would have laid down
the government, but was over-persuaded to take it, which he enjoyed forty years,
and distributed justice to them, as the people came to him in their differences;
and what he determined was esteemed valid by all. And when he died, he was buried
in his own country of Ophrah.
CHAPTER
7
THAT THE JUDGES WHO SUCCEEDED GIDEON MADE WAR WITH THE ADJOINING NATIONS FOR
A LONG TIME
1. Now Gideon had seventy sons that were legitimate, for he had many wives;
but he had also one that was spurious, by his concubine Drumah, whose name was
Abimelech, who, after his father's death, retired to Shechem to his mother's
relations, for they were of that place: and when he had got money of such of
them as were eminent for many instances of injustice, he came with them to his
father's house, and slew all his brethren, except Jotham, for he had the good
fortune to escape and be preserved; but Abimelech made the government tyrannical,
and constituted himself a lord, to do what he pleased, instead of obeying the
laws; and he acted most rigidly against those that were the patrons of justice.
2. Now when, on a certain time, there was
a public festival at Shechem, and all the multitude was there gathered together,
Jotham his brother, whose escape we before related, went up to Mount Gerizzim,
which hangs over the city Shechem, and cried out so as to be heard by the multitude,
who were attentive to him. He desired they would consider what he was going
to say to them: so when silence was made, he said, that when the trees had a
human voice, and there was an assembly of them gathered together, they desired
that the fig-tree would rule over them; but when that tree refused so to do,
because it was contented to enjoy that honor which belonged peculiarly to the
fruit it bare, and not that which should be derived to it from abroad, the trees
did not leave off their intentions to have a ruler, so they thought proper to
make the offer of that honor to the vine; but when the vine was chosen, it made
use of the same words which the fig-tree had used before, and excused itself
from accepting the government: and when the olive-tree had done the same, the
brier, whom the trees had desired to take the kingdom, (it is a sort of wood
good for firing,) it promised to take the government, and to be zealous in the
exercise of it; but that then they must sit down under its shadow, and if they
should plot against it to destroy it, the principle of fire that was in it should
destroy them. He told them, that what he had said was no laughing matter; for
that when they had experienced many blessings from Gideon, they overlooked Abimelech,
when he overruled all, and had joined with him in slaying his brethren; and
that he was no better than a fire himself. So when he had said this, he went
away, and lived privately in the mountains for three years, out of fear of Abimelech.
3. A little while after this festival, the
Shechemites, who had now repented themselves of having slain the sons of Gideon,
drove Abimelech away, both from their city and their tribe; whereupon he contrived
how he might distress their city. Now at the season of vintage, the people were
afraid to go out and gather their fruits, for fear Abimelech should do them
some mischief. Now it happened that there had come to them a man of authority,
one Gaal, that sojourned with them, having his armed men and his kinsmen with
him; so the Shechemites desired that he would allow them a guard during their
vintage; whereupon he accepted of their desires, and so the people went out,
and Gaal with them at the head of his soldiery. So they gathered their fruit
with safety; and when they were at supper in several companies, they then ventured
to curse Abimelech openly; and the magistrates laid ambushes in places about
the city, and caught many of Abimelech's followers, and destroyed them.
4. Now there was one Zebul, a magistrate
of the Shechemites, that had entertained Abimelech. He sent messengers, and
informed him how much Gaal had irritated the people against him, and excited
him to lay ambushes before the city, for that he would persuade Gaal to go out
against him, which would leave it in his power to be revenged on him; and when
that was once done, he would bring him to be reconciled to the city. So Abimelech
laid ambushes, and himself lay with them. Now Gaal abode in the suburbs, taking
little care of himself; and Zebul was with him. Now as Gaal saw the armed men
coming on, he said to Zebul, That some armed men were coming; but the other
replied, They were only shadows of huge stones: and when they were come nearer,
Gaal perceived what was the reality, and said, they were not shadows, but men
lying in ambush. Then said Zebul, "Didst not thou reproach Abimelech for cowardice?
why dost thou not then show how very courageous thou art thyself, and go and
fight him?" So Gaal, being in disorder, joined battle with Abimelech, and some
of his men fell; whereupon he fled into the city, and took his men with him.
But Zebul managed his matters so in the city, that he procured them to expel
Gaal out of the city, and this by accusing him of cowardice in this action with
the soldiers of Abimelech. But Abimelech, when he had learned that the Shechemites
were again coming out to gather their grapes, placed ambushes before the city,
and when they were coming out, the third part of his army took possession of
the gates, to hinder the citizens from returning in again, while the rest pursued
those that were scattered abroad, and so there was slaughter every where; and
when he had overthrown the city to the very foundations, for it was not able
to bear a siege, and had sown its ruins with salt, he proceeded on with his
army till all the Shechemites were slain. As for those that were scattered about
the country, and so escaped the danger, they were gathered together unto a certain
strong rock, and settled themselves upon it, and prepared to build a wall about
it: and when Abimelech knew their intentions, he prevented them, and came upon
them with his forces, and laid faggots of dry wood round the place, he himself
bringing some of them, and by his example encouraging the soldiers to do the
same. And when the rock was encompassed round about with these faggots, they
set them on fire, and threw in whatsoever by nature caught fire the most easily:
so a mighty flame was raised, and nobody could fly away from the rock, but every
man perished, with their wives and children, in all about fifteen hundred men,
and the rest were a great number also. And such was the calamity which fell
upon the Shechemites; and men's grief on their account had been greater than
it was, had they not brought so much mischief on a person who had so well deserved
of them, and had they not themselves esteemed this as a punishment for the same.
5. Now Abimelech, when he had affrighted
the Israelites with the miseries he had brought upon the Shechemites, seemed
openly to affect greater authority than he now had, and appeared to set no bounds
to his violence, unless it were with the destruction of all. Accordingly he
marched to Thebes, and took the city on the sudden; and there being a great
tower therein, whereunto the whole multitude fled, he made preparation to besiege
it. Now as he was rushing with violence near the gates, a woman threw a piece
of a millstone upon his head, upon which Abimelech fell down, and desired his
armor-bearer to kill him lest his death should be thought to be the work of
a woman:—who did what he was bid to do. So he underwent this death as a punishment
for the wickedness he had perpetrated against his brethren, and his insolent
barbarity to the Shechemites. Now the calamity that happened to those Shechemites
was according to the prediction of Jotham, However, the army that was with Abimelech,
upon his fall, was scattered abroad, and went to their own homes.
6. Now it was that Jair the Gileadite,16
of the tribe of Manasseh, took the government. He was a man happy in other respects
also, but particularly in his children, who were of a good character. They were
thirty in number, and very skilful in riding on horses, and were intrusted with
the government of the cities of Gilead. He kept the government twenty-two years,
and died an old man; and he was buried in Camon, a city of Gilead.
7. And now all the affairs of the Hebrews
were managed uncertainly, and tended to disorder, and to the contempt of God
and of the laws. So the Ammonites and Philistines had them in contempt, and
laid waste the country with a great army; and when they had taken all Perea,
they were so insolent as to attempt to gain the possession of all the rest.
But the Hebrews, being now amended by the calamities they had undergone, betook
themselves to supplications to God; and brought sacrifices to him, beseeching
him not to be too severe upon them, but to be moved by their prayers to leave
off his anger against them. So God became more merciful to them, and was ready
to assist them.
8. When the Ammonites had made an expedition
into the land of Gilead, the inhabitants of the country met them at a certain
mountain, but wanted a commander. Now there was one whose name was Jephtha,
who, both on account of his father's virtue, and on account of that army which
he maintained at his own expenses, was a potent man: the Israelites therefore
sent to him, and entreated him to come to their assistance, and promised him
the dominion over them all his lifetime. But he did not admit of their entreaty;
and accused them, that they did not come to his assistance when he was unjustly
treated, and this in an open manner by his brethren; for they cast him off,
as not having the same mother with the rest, but born of a strange mother, that
was introduced among them by his father's fondness; and this they did out of
a contempt of his inability [to vindicate himself]. So he dwelt in the country
of Gilead, as it is called, and received all that came to him, let them come
from what place soever, and paid them wages. However, when they pressed him
to accept the dominion, and sware they would grant him the government over them
all his life, he led them to the war.
9. And when Jephtha had taken immediate
care of their affairs, he placed his army at the city Mizpeh, and sent a message
to the Ammonite [king], complaining of his unjust possession of their land.
But that king sent a contrary message; and complained of the exodus of the Israelites
out of Egypt, and desired him to go out of the land of the Amorites, and yield
it up to him, as at first his paternal inheritance. But Jephtha returned this
answer: That he did not justly complain of his ancestors about the land of the
Amorites, and ought rather to thank them that they left the land of the Ammonites
to them, since Moses could have taken it also; and that neither would he recede
from that land of their own, which God had obtained for them, and they had now
inhabited [above] three hundred years, but would fight with them about it.
10. And when he had given them this answer,
he sent the ambassadors away. And when he had prayed for victory, and had vowed
to perform sacred offices, and if he came home in safety, to offer in sacrifice
what living creature soever should first meet him;17
he joined battle with the enemy, and gained a great victory, and in his pursuit
slew the enemies all along as far as the city of Minnith. He then passed over
to the land of the Ammonites, and overthrew many of their cities, and took their
prey, and freed his own people from that slavery which they had undergone for
eighteen years. But as he came back, he fell into a calamity no way correspondent
to the great actions he had done; for it was his daughter that came to meet
him; she was also an only child and a virgin: upon this Jephtha heavily lamented
the greatness of his affliction, and blamed his daughter for being so forward
in meeting him, for he had vowed to sacrifice her to God. However, this action
that was to befall her was not ungrateful to her, since she should die upon
occasion of her father's victory, and the liberty of her fellow citizens: she
only desired her father to give her leave, for two months, to bewail her youth
with her fellow citizens; and then she agreed, that at the forementioned thee
he might do with her according to his vow. Accordingly, when that time was over,
he sacrificed his daughter as a burnt-offering, offering such an oblation as
was neither conformable to the law nor acceptable to God, not weighing with
himself what opinion the hearers would have of such a practice.
11. Now the tribe of Ephraim fought against
him, because he did not take them along with him in his expedition against the
Ammonites, but because he alone had the prey, and the glory of what was done
to himself. As to which he said, first, that they were not ignorant how his
kindred had fought against him, and that when they were invited, they did not
come to his assistance, whereas they ought to have come quickly, even before
they were invited. And in the next place, that they were going to act unjustly;
for while they had not courage enough to fight their enemies, they came hastily
against their own kindred: and he threatened them that, with God's assistance,
he would inflict a punishment upon them, unless they would grow wiser. But when
he could not persuade them, he fought with them with those forces which he sent
for out of Gilead, and he made a great slaughter among them; and when they were
beaten, he pursued them, and seized on the passages of Jordan by a part of his
army which he had sent before, and slew about forty-two thousand of them.
12. So when Jephtha had ruled six years,
he died, and was buried in his own country, Sebee, which is a place in the land
of Gilead.
13. Now when Jephtha was dead, Ibzan took
the government, being of the tribe of Judah, and of the city of Bethlehem. He
had sixty children, thirty of them sons, and the rest daughters; all whom he
left alive behind him, giving the daughters in marriage to husbands, and taking
wives for his sons. He did nothing in the seven years of his administration
that was worth recording, or deserved a memorial. So he died an old man, and
was buried in his own country.
14. When Ibzan was dead after this manner,
neither did Helon, who succeeded him in the government, and kept it ten years,
do any thing remarkable: he was of the tribe of Zebulon.
15. Abdon also, the son of Hilel, of the
tribe of Ephraim, and born at the city Pyrathon, was ordained their supreme
governor after Helon. He is only recorded to have been happy in his children;
for the public affairs were then so peaceable, and in such security, that neither
did he perform any glorious action. He had forty sons, and by them left thirty
grandchildren; and he marched in state with these seventy, who were all very
skilful in riding horses; and he left them all alive after him. He died an old
man, and obtained a magnificent burial in Pyrathon.
CHAPTER
8
CONCERNING THE FORTITUDE OF SAMSON, AND WHAT MISCHIEFS HE BROUGHT UPON THE PHILISTINES
1. After Abdon was dead, the Philistines overcame the Israelites, and
received tribute of them for forty years; from which distress they were delivered
after this manner:—
2. There was one Manoah, a person of such
great virtue, that he had few men his equals, and without dispute the principal
person of his country. He had a wife celebrated for her beauty, and excelling
her contemporaries. He had no children; and, being uneasy at his want of posterity,
he entreated God to give them seed of their own bodies to succeed them; and
with that intent he came constantly into the suburbs,18
together with his wife; which suburbs were in the Great Plain. Now he was fond
of his wife to a degree of madness, and on that account was unmeasurably jealous
of her. Now, when his wife was once alone, an apparition was seen by her: it
was an angel of God, and resembled a young man beautiful and tall, and brought
her the good news that she should have a son, born by God's providence, that
should be a goodly child, of great strength; by whom, when he was grown up to
man's estate, the Philistines should be afflicted. He exhorted her also not
to poll his hair, and that he should avoid all other kinds of drink, (for so
had God commanded,) and be entirely contented with water. So the angel, when
he had delivered that message, went his way, his coming having been by the will
of God.
3. Now the wife informed her husband when
he came home of what the angel had said, who showed so great an admiration of
the beauty and tallness of the young man that had appeared to her, that her
husband was astonished, and out of himself for jealousy, and such suspicions
as are excited by that passion: but she was desirous of having her husband's
unreasonable sorrow taken away; accordingly she entreated God to send the angel
again, that he might be seen by her husband. So the angel came again by the
favor of God, while they were in the suburbs, and appeared to her when she was
alone without her husband. She desired the angel to stay so long till she might
bring her husband; and that request being granted, she goes to call Manoah.
When he saw the angel he was not yet free from suspicion, and he desired him
to inform him of all that he had told his wife; but when he said it was sufficient
that she alone knew what he had said, he then requested of him to tell who he
was, that when the child was born they might return him thanks, and give him
a present. He replied that he did not want any present, for that he did not
bring them the good news of the birth of a son out of the want of any thing.
And when Manoah had entreated him to stay, and partake of his hospitality, he
did not give his consent. However he was persuaded, at the earnest request of
Manoah to stay so long as while he brought him one mark of his hospitality;
so he slew a kid of the goats, and bid his wife boil it. When all was ready,
the angel enjoined him to set the loaves and the flesh, but without the vessels,
upon the rock; which when they had done, he touched the flesh with the rod which
he had in his hand, which, upon the breaking out of a flame, was consumed, together
with the loaves; and the angel ascended openly, in their sight, up to heaven,
by means of the smoke, as by a vehicle. Now Manoah was afraid that some danger
would come to them from this sight of God; but his wife bade him be of good
courage, for that God appeared to them for their benefit.
4. So the woman proved with child, and was
careful to observe the injunctions that were given her; and they called the
child, when he was born, Samson, which name signifies one that is strong. So
the child grew apace; and it appeared evidently that he would be a prophet,19
both by the moderation of his diet, and the permission of his hair to grow.
5. Now when he once came with his parents
to Timnath, a city of the Philistines, when there was a great festival, he fell
in love with a maid of that country, and he desired of his parents that they
would procure him the damsel for his wife: but they refused so to do, because
she was not of the stock of Israel; yet because this marriage was of God, who
intended to convert it to the benefit of the Hebrews, he over-persuaded them
to procure her to be espoused to him. And as he was continually coming to her
parents, he met a lion, and though he was naked, he received his onset, and
strangled him with his hands, and cast the wild beast into a woody piece of
ground on the inside of the road.
6. And when he was going another time to
the damsel, he lit upon a swarm of bees making their combs in the breast of
that lion; and taking three honey-combs away, he gave them, together with the
rest of his presents, to the damsel. Now the people of Timnath, out of a dread
of the young man's strength, gave him during the time of the wedding-feast (for
he then feasted them all) thirty of the most stout of their youth, in pretence
to be his companions, but in reality to be a guard upon him, that he might not
attempt to give them any disturbance. Now as they were drinking merrily and
playing, Samson said, as was usual at such times, Come, if I propose you a riddle,
and you can expound it in these seven days' time, I will give you every one
a linen shirt and a garment, as the reward of your wisdom." So they being very
ambitious to obtain the glory of wisdom, together with the gains, desired him
to propose his riddle. He said, "That a devourer produced sweet food out of
itself, though itself were very disagreeable." And when they were not able,
in three days' time, to find out the meaning of the riddle, they desired the
damsel to discover it by the means of her husband, and tell it them; and they
threatened to burn her if she did not tell it them. So when the damsel entreated
Samson to tell it her, he at first refused to do it; but when she lay hard at
him, and fell into tears, and made his refusal to tell it a sign of his unkindness
to her, he informed her of his slaughter of a lion, and how he found bees in
his breast, and carried away three honey-combs, and brought them to her. Thus
he, suspecting nothing of deceit, informed her of all, and she revealed it to
those that desired to know it. Then on the seventh day, whereon they were to
expound the riddle proposed to them, they met together before sun-setting, and
said, "Nothing is more disagreeable than a lion to those that light on it, and
nothing is sweeter than honey to those that make use of it." To which Samson
made this rejoinder: "Nothing is more deceitful than a woman for such was the
person that discovered my interpretation to you." Accordingly he gave them the
presents he had promised them, making such Askelonites as met him upon the road
his prey, who were themselves Philistines also. But he divorced this his wife;
and the girl despised his anger, and was married to his companion, who made
the former match between them.
7. At this injurious treatment Samson was
so provoked, that he resolved to punish all the Philistines, as well as her:
so it being then summer-time, and the fruits of the land being almost ripe enough
for reaping, he caught three hundred foxes, and joining lighted torches to their
tails, he sent them into the fields of the Philistines, by which means the fruits
of the fields perished. Now when the Philistines knew that this was Samson's
doing, and knew also for what cause he did it, they sent their rulers to Timnath,
and burnt his former wife, and her relations, who had been the occasion of their
misfortunes.
8. Now when Samson had slain many of the
Philistines in the plain country, he dwelt at Etam, which is a strong rock of
the tribe of Judah; for the Philistines at that time made an expedition against
that tribe: but the people of Judah said that they did not act justly with them,
in inflicting punishments upon them while they paid their tribute, and this
only on account of Samson's offenses. They answered, that in case they would
not be blamed themselves, they must deliver up Samson, and put him into their
power. So they being desirous not to be blamed themselves, came to the rock
with three thousand armed men, and complained to Samson of the bold insults
he had made upon the Philistines, who were men able to bring calamity upon the
whole nation of the Hebrews; and they told him they were come to take him, and
to deliver him up to them, and put him into their power; so they desired him
to bear this willingly. Accordingly, when he had received assurance from them
upon oath, that they would do him no other harm than only to deliver him into
his enemies' hands, he came down from the rock, and put himself into the power
of his countrymen. Then did they bind him with two cords, and lead him on, in
order to deliver him to the Philistines; and when they came to a certain place,
which is now called the Jaw-bone, on account of the great action there performed
by Samson, though of old it had no particular name at all, the Philistines,
who had pitched their camp not far off, came to meet them with joy and shouting,
as having done a great thing, and gained what they desired; but Samson broke
his bonds asunder, and catching up the jaw-bone of an ass that lay down at his
feet, fell upon his enemies, and smiting them with his jaw-bone, slew a thousand
of them, and put the rest to flight and into great disorder.
9. Upon this slaughter Samson was too proud
of what he had performed, and said that this did not come to pass by the assistance
of God, but that his success was to be ascribed to his own courage; and vaunted
himself, that it was out of a dread of him that some of his enemies fell and
the rest ran away upon his use of the jaw-bone; but when a great thirst came
upon him, he considered that human courage is nothing, and bare his testimony
that all is to be ascribed to God, and besought him that he would not be angry
at any thing he had said, nor give him up into the hands of his enemies, but
afford him help under his affliction, and deliver him from the misfortune he
was under. Accordingly God was moved with his entreaties, and raised him up
a plentiful fountain of sweet water at a certain rock whence it was that Samson
called the place the Jawbone,20 and so it is called
to this day.
10. After this fight Samson held the Philistines
in contempt, and came to Gaza, and took up his lodgings in a certain inn. When
the rulers of Gaza were informed of his coming thither, they seized upon the
gates, and placed men in ambush about them, that he might not escape without
being perceived; but Samson, who was acquainted with their contrivances against
him, arose about midnight, and ran by force upon the gates, with their posts
and beams, and the rest of their wooden furniture, and carried them away on
his shoulders, and bare them to the mountain that is over Hebron, and there
laid them down.
11. However, he at length21
transgressed the laws of his country, and altered his own regular way of living,
and imitated the strange customs of foreigners, which thing was the beginning
of his miseries; for he fell in love with a woman that was a harlot among the
Philistines: her name was Delilah, and he lived with her. So those that administered
the public affairs of the Philistines came to her, and, with promises, induced
her to get out of Samson what was the cause of that his strength, by which he
became unconquerable to his enemies. Accordingly, when they were drinking, and
had the like conversation together, she pretended to admire the actions he had
done, and contrived to get out of him by subtlety, by what means he so much
excelled others in strength. Samson, in order to delude Delilah, for he had
not yet lost his senses, replied, that if he were bound with seven such green
withs of a vine as might still be wreathed, he should be weaker than any other
man. The woman said no more then, but told this to the rulers of the Philistines,
and hid certain of the soldiers in ambush within the house; and when he was
disordered in drink and asleep, she bound him as fast as possible with the withs;
and then upon her awakening him, she told him some of the people were upon him;
but he broke the withs, and endeavored to defend himself, as though some of
the people were upon him. Now this woman, in the constant conversation Samson
had with her, pretended that she took it very ill that he had such little confidence
in her affections to him, that he would not tell her what she desired, as if
she would not conceal what she knew it was for his interest to have concealed.
However, he deluded her again, and told her, that if they bound him with seven
cords, he should lose his strength. And when, upon doing this, she gained nothing,
he told her the third time, that his hair should be woven into a web; but when,
upon doing this, the truth was not yet discovered, at length Samson, upon Delilah's
prayer, (for he was doomed to fall into some affliction,) was desirous to please
her, and told her that God took care of him, and that he was born by his providence,
and that "thence it is that I suffer my hair to grow, God having charged me
never to poll my head, and thence my strength is according to the increase and
continuance of my hair." When she had learned thus much, and had deprived him
of his hair, she delivered him up to his enemies, when he was not strong enough
to defend himself from their attempts upon him; so they put out his eyes, and
bound him, and had him led about among them.
12. But in process of time Samson's hair
grew again. And there was a public festival among the Philistines, when the
rulers, and those of the most eminent character, were feasting together; (now
the room wherein they were had its roof supported by two pillars;) so they sent
for Samson, and he was brought to their feast, that they might insult him in
their cups. Hereupon he, thinking it one of the greatest misfortunes, if he
should not be able to revenge himself when he was thus insulted, persuaded the
boy that led him by the hand, that he was weary and wanted to rest himself,
and desired he would bring him near the pillars; and as soon as he came to them,
he rushed with force against them, and overthrew the house, by overthrowing
its pillars, with three thousand men in it, who were all slain, and Samson with
them. And such was the end of this man, when he had ruled over the Israelites
twenty years. And indeed this man deserves to be admired for his courage and
strength, and magnanimity at his death, and that his wrath against his enemies
went so far as to die himself with them. But as for his being ensnared by a
woman, that is to be ascribed to human nature, which is too weak to resist the
temptations to that sin; but we ought to bear him witness, that in all other
respects he was one of extraordinary virtue. But his kindred took away his body,
and buried it in Sarasat his own country, with the rest of his family.
CHAPTER
9
HOW UNDER ELI'S GOVERNMENT OF THE ISRAELITES BOOZ MARRIED RUTH, FROM WHOM CAME
OBED THE GRANDFATHER OF DAVID
1. Now after the death of Samson, Eli the high priest was governor of
the Israelites. Under him, when the country was afflicted with a famine, Elimelech
of Bethlehem, which is a city of the tribe of Judah, being not able to support
his family under so sore a distress, took with him Naomi his wife, and the children
that were born to him by her, Chilion and Mahlon, and removed his habitation
into the land of Moab; and upon the happy prosperity of his affairs there, he
took for his sons wives of the Moabites, Orpah for Chilion, and Ruth for Mahlon.
But in the compass of ten years, both Elimelech, and a little while after him,
the sons, died; and Naomi being very uneasy at these accidents, and not being
able to bear her lonesome condition, now those that were dearest to her were
dead, on whose account it was that she had gone away from her own country, she
returned to it again, for she had been informed it was now in a flourishing
condition. However, her daughters-in-law were not able to think of parting with
her; and when they had a mind to go out of the country with her, she could not
dissuade them from it; but when they insisted upon it, she wished them a more
happy wedlock than they had with her sons, and that they might have prosperity
in other respects also; and seeing her own affairs were so low, she exhorted
them to stay where they were, and not to think of leaving their own country,
and partaking with her of that uncertainty under which she must return. Accordingly
Orpah staid behind; but she took Ruth along with her, as not to be persuaded
to stay behind her, but would take her fortune with her, whatsoever it should
prove.
2. When Ruth was come with her mother-in-law
to Bethlehem, Booz, who was near of kin to Elimelech, entertained her; and when
Naomi was so called by her fellow citizens, according to her true name, she
said, "You might more truly call me Mara." Now Naomi signifies in the Hebrew
tongue happiness, and Mara, sorrow. It was now reaping time; and Ruth, by the
leave of her mother-in-law, went out to glean, that they might get a stock of
corn for their food. Now it happened that she came into Booz's field; and after
some time Booz came thither, and when he saw the damsel, he inquired of his
servant that was set over the reapers concerning the girl. The servant had a
little before inquired about all her circumstances, and told them to his master,
who kindly embraced her, both on account of her affection to her mother-in-law,
and her remembrance of that son of hers to whom she had been married, and wished
that she might experience a prosperous condition; so he desired her not to glean,
but to reap what she was able, and gave her leave to carry it home. He also
gave it in charge to that servant who was over the reapers, not to hinder her
when she took it away, and bade him give her her dinner, and make her drink
when he did the like to the reapers. Now what corn Ruth received of him she
kept for her mother-in-law, and came to her in the evening, and brought the
ears of corn with her; and Naomi had kept for her a part of such food as her
neighbors had plentifully bestowed upon her. Ruth also told her mother-in-law
what Booz had said to her; and when the other had informed her that he was near
of kin to them, and perhaps was so pious a man as to make some provision for
them, she went out again on the days following, to gather the gleanings with
Booz's maidservants.
3. It was not many days before Booz, after
the barley was winnowed, slept in his thrashing-floor. When Naomi was informed
of this circumstance she contrived it so that Ruth should lie down by him, for
she thought it might be for their advantage that he should discourse with the
girl. Accordingly she sent the damsel to sleep at his feet; who went as she
bade her, for she did not think it consistent with her duty to contradict any
command of her mother-in-law. And at first she lay concealed from Booz, as he
was fast asleep; but when he awaked about midnight, and perceived a woman lying
by him, he asked who she was;—and when she told him her name, and desired that
he whom she owned for her lord would excuse her, he then said no more; but in
the morning, before the servants began to set about their work, he awaked her,
and bid her take as much barley as she was able to carry, and go to her mother-in-law
before any body there should see that she had lain down by him, because it was
but prudent to avoid any reproach that might arise on that account, especially
when there had been nothin